Flexion – bending of a joint that decreases the angle
Extension – straightening of a joint that increases the angle
Hypoextension – less extension than normal
Hyperextension – extension beyond normal limits
Abduction – away from the body
Adduction – toward the body
Pronation – palm turning down
Supination – palm turning up
Rotation – around an axis
Circumduction – circular movement
Protraction – forward motion, occurring at the shoulder joint (abduction)
Retraction – backward motion, occurring in the shoulder joint (adduction)
Dorsiflexion – (ankle) pointing foot up towards body
Plantarflexion – (ankle) pointing foot down
Inversion – turning feet inward so the soles face each other
Eversion – turning the soles outward
Biomechanical Movement: Muscle Contraction & Function
Isometric contraction – muscle contraction at the same position
Isokinetic contraction – muscle contraction at a constant velocity; pushing an object that cannot be moved
Isotonic contraction – muscle contraction with movement around the joint
Concentric contraction – muscle contraction as fiber shorten; usually active, voluntary
Eccentric contraction – muscle contraction as fibers lengthen; usually involuntary, in order to protect the joint; usually antagonistic – purpose is to decelerate the agonist (usually occurs at the end range of the joint); strength training more effective when including eccentric actions; more muscle injuries occur during eccentric phase than concentric phase
Planes of Motion
Sagittal Plane – along the side of the body (front pulling down a shade, elbow bending)
Frontal Plane – divides the body into a front half and back half (lateral raise, pull down, military press)
Transverse Plane – divides the body superiorly and inferiorly (rotation at the waist, bench press, internal external rotation)
Bones & Joints
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral Column
Skull
Auditory Ossicles
Hyoid
Ribs and Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper extremities
Lower extremities
Bone Classifications
Long bones – make up the limbs/extremities; crucial for load bearing & mobility of our body
Short bones – provide for stability and support, but very limited movement
Flat bones – very broad, flat plates such as the skull and the scapula
Irregular bones – mainly function as a point of attachment for the various muscles as well as protection for the nervous system
Sesamoid bones – found where tendon passes over a joint; bone that is embedded in the tendon such as the knee, hand, or foot